Early solar system aqueous activity: K isotope evidence from Allende

The alkali element K is moderately volatile and fluid mobile; thus, it can be influenced by both primary processes (evaporation and recondensation) in the solar nebula and secondary processes (thermal and aqueous alteration) in the parent body. Since these primary and secondary processes would induce different isotopic fractionations, K isotopes could become a potential tracer to distinguish them. Using recently developed methods with improved precision (0.05‰, 95% confidence interval), we systematically measured the K isotopic compositions and major/trace elemental compositions of chondritic components (18 chondrules, 3 CAIs, 2 matrices, and 5 bulks) in the carbonaceous chondrite fall Allende. Among all the components analyzed in this study, CAIs, which formed initially under high‐temperature conditions in the solar nebula and were dominated by nominally K‐free refractory minerals, have the highest K₂O content (average 0.53 wt%) and have K isotope compositions most enriched in heavy isotopes (δ⁴¹K: ?0.30 to ?0.25‰). Such an observation is consistent with previous petrologic studies that show CAIs in Allende have undergone alkali enrichment during metasomatism. In contrast, chondrules contain lower K₂O content (0.003–0.17 wt%) and generally lighter K isotope compositions (δ⁴¹K: ?0.87‰ to ?0.24‰). The matrix and bulks are nearly identical in K₂O content and K isotope compositions (0.02–0.05 wt%; δ⁴¹K: ?0.62 to ? 0.46‰), which are, as expected, right in the middle of CAIs and chondrules. This strongly indicates that most of the chondritic components of Allende suffered aqueous alteration and their K isotopic compositions are the ramification of Allende parent‐body processing instead of primary nebular signatures. Nevertheless, we propose the small K isotope fractionations observed (< 1‰) among Allende components are likely similar to the overall range of K isotopic fractionation that occurred in nebular environment. Furthermore, the K isotope compositions seen in the components of Allende in this study are consistent with MC‐ICP‐MS analyses of the components in ordinary chondrites, which also show an absence of large (10‰) isotope fractionations. This is not expected as evaporation experiments in nebular conditions suggest there should be large K isotopic fractionations. Nevertheless, possible nebular processes such as chondrules back exchanging with ambient gas when they formed could explain this lack of large K isotopic variation.     

基于空间句法理论的城市群核心区发展边界识别

准确识别当前城市群建设进程中核心区发展边界是研究城市群的一项重要内容。本文提出一种研究思路：采用空间句法分析城市群道路网,将得到的4个分析指标融合成新指标——“城市群集群度”,并提取“城市群集群度”等值线和“城市群集群度”曲线,通过计算找到最佳阈值从而提取出城市群核心区发展边界。以长株潭城市群为例,将基于空间句法的研究结果与基于Densi-Graph方法的研究结果进行对比,在除去数据质量因素后,城市群核心区发展边界识别差异有望控制在10%以内。研究表明：基于空间句法理论的城市群核心区发展边界识别方法容易获取计算数据,适用范围广,可靠性强。     

通过课堂观察提升教师课程知行力的探究

课堂是实施课程育人的主阵地,教师的教育观、课程观、课堂观、学生观等在课堂中的具体体现,反映了教师课程知行力的水平。本文以课程知行力的视角,探讨课堂观察的目的、内容和方法,并通过案例剖析的方式,为一线教师开展课堂观察,更新教育观念和教学方式,提升课程知行力提供参考。     

游客-环境互动视角下旅游者目的地环境恢复性效应

日常生活环境和旅游目的地环境都可以为个体提供恢复的机会，不同环境的属性特征导致不同程度的恢复。为了探究环境类型与恢复性效应之间的关系及停留时间的调节作用，文章采用问卷调查方式，利用配对样本t检验和混合设计方差分析相结合的方法，探讨游客在不同环境中的恢复性效应，并对这一现象提供心理上的解释。结果表明：1）恢复体验的4个维度（放松体验、心理脱离、掌握体验、控制体验）在旅游目的地环境中的得分均高于日常生活环境。2）掌握和控制体验维度在城市旅游目的地中的变化程度高于乡村旅游目的地，两种类型目的地的放松和心理脱离维度差异较小。3）随着在目的地停留时间的延长，乡村旅游目的地放松体验和心理脱离维度变化程度高于城市旅游目的地，两种类型目的地环境恢复性效应会相互靠近。因此，游客的环境恢复性效应不仅受到环境和目的地类型的影响，同时还与游客的适应程度有关，且受到其停留时间的调节作用。     

地方政府土地出让干预对区域工业碳排放影响的对比分析——以中国8大经济区为例

探讨不同区域地方政府干预对碳排放的影响差异,对于中国推进碳减排战略、协调区域经济社会发展具有重要意义。鉴于此,论文基于地方政府土地出让的视阈,以中国8大经济区为研究对象,有机耦合STIRPAT模型与CKC模型,构建形成STIRPAT拓展模型,并使用2007—2016年中国28个省(市、自治区)的工业面板数据,对比考察8大经济区政府土地出让干预对区域碳排放的影响差异。结果表明:不同经济区的地方政府土地出让干预对区域碳排放的影响存在显著差异。其中,同为CKC“倒N”型的北部沿海、南部沿海、长江中游经济区,其政府土地出让干预对区域碳排放的影响呈现出北部沿海经济区为负、南部沿海经济区为正、长江中游经济区无显著影响的差异效果;同为CKC“倒U”型的东北、西南和西北经济区,其政府土地出让干预对区域碳排放的影响,东北和西南经济区都显著为负,西北经济区未表现出显著影响;同为CKC“U”型的东部沿海和黄河中游经济区,其政府土地出让干预对碳排放也呈现出前者为负、后者为正的相反影响。研究结果可为制定碳减排差别化政策、协调区域可持续发展提供参考。     

功能疏解背景下京津冀中部核心区产业投资网络演化研究

非首都功能疏解作为京津冀协同发展战略的核心,对解决北京大城市病、实现京津冀可持续发展具有重要意义。论文构建了一个“四位一体”的产业投资网络演化分析框架,以京津冀中部核心区为研究对象,利用工商企业投资大数据测度了非首都功能的3类重点行业在2010、2014、2018年的资本流动特征,并从“节点—路径—格局”3个层面分析了功能疏解背景下产业投资网络演化过程。研究结果表明,非首都功能疏解背景下,北京市各行业对外投资增强,投资集聚中心逐渐向外围转移,但不同行业演化格局存在差异。制造业呈现由邻近扩散向等级扩散转变的演化路径,并向着多中心格局发展;批发零售业在资本净流动层面显示出扩散特征,在骨干路径层面呈现集聚现象,分布格局由北京单极放射状向京津双核联动演化;交通运输仓储和物流业向郊区物流园区所在地集聚,但网络整体发育滞后。研究结果能够为科学认识首都功能疏解情况、了解中部核心区产业结构及产业发展的变动态势提供参考。     

柴达木盆地盐湖区土壤黑碳分布及土气交换特性

深入探讨了柴达木盆地盐湖区土壤黑碳分布及土气交换特征。研究结果显示,研究区土壤总黑碳含量范围为0.50～6.79 g/kg,平均值达到1.64 g/kg;土壤烟炱组分黑碳含量范围为0.50～4.75 g/kg,平均值达到1.144 g/kg;气溶胶黑碳含量范围为0.34～4.92μg/m~3,平均值达到0.98μg/m~3。柴达木盆地盐湖区盐湖资源的大量开采和工业化生产等可能造成该地区黑碳大量排放。盐湖区土壤黑碳稳定碳同位素值(δ~(13)C_(BC))在-25.33‰～-23.46‰之间变化,平均值为-24.21‰,表明该地区土壤黑碳来源可能受C_3植物和化石燃料来源的共同影响。首次运用逃逸系数探讨了柴达木盆地盐湖区黑碳土气交换行为,结果表明研究区黑碳土气交换行为确实存在,但存在一定程度的模拟不确定性。     

Fast genetic mapping in barley: case studies of cuticle mutants using RNA-sequencing

Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the earliest domesticated crop species and ranked as the fourth largest cereal production worldwide. Forward genetic studies in barley have greatly advanced plant genetics during the last century; however, most genes are identified by the conventional mapping method. Array genotyping and exome-capture sequencing have also been successfully used to target the causal mutation in barley populations, but these techniques are not widely adopted because of associated costs and partly due to the huge genome size of barley. This review summarizes three mapping cases of barley cuticle mutants in our laboratory with the help of RNA-sequencing. The causal mutations have been successfully identified for two of them and the target genes are located in the pericentromeric regions. Detailed information on the mapping-by-sequencing, mapping-and-sequencing, and RNA-sequencing assisted linkage mapping are presented and some limitations and challenges on the mapping assisted by RNA sequencing are also discussed. The alternative and elegant methods presented in this review may greatly accelerate forward genetics of barley mapping, especially for laboratories without large funding.     

基于耀斑改正的多光谱水深反演方法研究

利用WorldView-2四波段卫星数据和电子海图数据,基于改进的耀斑改正算法和双波段比值算法,反演获得了3处典型海域的浅水水深。通过不同海域、不同耀斑条件下水深反演实验,探讨了RED,NIR波段在典型四波段水深反演中的作用和影响,发现在双波段比值法水深反演中,引入RED+NIR波段进行耀斑改正处理,可以增加珊瑚、海藻等绿色物质覆盖海底的反射率,有效地提高该类海域的水深反演精度。基于耀斑改正的多光谱水深反演方法,适用于中轻度耀斑条件下,水质较清澈的浅海水深反演,可在国内外典型四波段卫星数据水深反演中推广应用。     

Morphological and molecular diagnoses of Polydora brevipalpa Zachs,1933(Annelida: Spionidae) from the shellfish along the coast of China

Shell-boring species Polydora brevipalpa Zachs, 1933 is redescribed based on morphological observations and molecular approach for future unambiguous identification. Genetic distance analyses showed that the interspecific polydorid variation(16.7%–25.6%) was at least 15 times higher than the intraspecific one(0.2%–0.9%) based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(CO1) gene sequences of polydorids. However, 18 S rDNA variation pattern demonstrated a rather narrow barcoding gap, with the interspecific polydorid variation(0.5%–5.6%) being very close to the intraspecific one(0.0%–0.4%). As such, the CO1 gene exhibited better DNA barcode for identification of polydorids than the 18 S rDNA gene because of the su ciently large barcoding gaps. Analysis of molecular variance results based on CO1 gene sequences showed that most variations in sequences(97.79%) lay within groups of adult worms and egg capsules rather than between them. This indicated that egg capsules from Crassostrea gigas(Thunberg,1793) in Ningbo and Nantong were related to the adult worms from Patinopecten yessoensis(Jay, 1857) in Dalian, and both of them belonged to P. brevipalpa. This result was further supported by parsimony network analysis, which showed that egg capsules collected from dif ferent localities and adult worms shared a single haplotype. This study was the first to report both P. brevipalpa infestation on C. gigas and to utilise the known CO1 sequences of the adult polydorids to validate morphologically unidentified egg capsules or early larvae. P. brevipalpa was most possibly brought to Chinese waters through transportation of Pa. yessoensis brood stock from Japan.